Anti-PMS1 (polyclonal, host/rabbit). The immunogen peptide was selected within the human PMS1 sequence (UniProt P54277; 932 aa) avoiding regions of high homology to PMS2. Target definition and isoform coverage verified against NCBI Gene (5378) and UCSC/GENCODE models. Specificity was established by loss of the ~100–110 kDa band in CRISPR PMS1-/- lysates, peptide competition, and reciprocal MLH1 co-IP. Clinically observed substitutions overlapping the epitope were surveyed in ClinVar prior to design.

PMS1 (PMS1 homolog 1) encodes an MLH1-binding partner that forms the MutLβ complex implicated in eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair and other genome maintenance processes. Authoritative gene pages summarize the locus (chr2q32.2), transcript/isoform structure, and functional context, and are the right place to anchor antibody target definition: see NCBI Gene for PMS1 (Gene ID 5378), GTR, and GeneReviews coverage within Lynch syndrome resources (NCBI Gene PMS1, NCBI GTR PMS1, Gene Reviews: Lynch syndrome overview).

Although PMS1 binds MLH1, its contribution to canonical MMR is more nuanced than PMS2’s (MutLα). Recent NIH-hosted open-access studies discuss the MutLβ complex and contexts where PMS1 is required, including repeat-expansion models and mechanistic work on MutL family dynamics (Miller et al., 2020; Furman et al., 2021; McLean et al., 2024). For disease framing, NCI materials clarify how MMR deficiency is assessed in oncology and how MMR genes interface with immunotherapy biomarkers (NCI dictionary: MMR deficiency; NCI Cancer Currents).

For polyclonal reagents, you’ll want the immunogen placed in regions that are:

1. conserved among principal human isoforms, and
2. non-homologous to PMS2 to minimize cross-reactivity.

Primary sequence/isoform details, including curated lengths, come from RefSeq/UniProt (human PMS1 length ≈ 932 aa; ~106 kDa) and UCSC/GENCODE transcript models (UniProt P54277, UCSC hg38 PMS1 gene page, UCSC GENCODE model coordinates). These pages help you select N- or C-terminal peptides that avoid the endonuclease motif region better known from PMS2 (to reduce unintended cross-detection in complex lysates).

Complex composition: PMS1:MLH1 (MutLβ) vs PMS2:MLH1 (MutLα). PMS2 is the major endonuclease in canonical MMR; PMS1’s roles are conditional/context-dependent. When interpreting bands/spots, ensure your antibody is PMS1-specific and does not pick PMS2. Start with sequence alignments around your immunogen region using NCBI resources and confirm by loss-of-signal in PMS1-edited cells. Background: NCBI Gene PMS2 and mechanistic comparisons across MutL complexes (Miller et al., 2020).

Pseudogene confusion (genomics): PMS2 has multiple pseudogenes that complicate DNA-level assays; this is less of a problem for protein-level detection but still motivates careful peptide selection and orthogonal controls (see UCSC gene neighborhood and RefSeq models: UCSC PMS1 models). For variant interpretation context in PMS1 itself, mine ClinVar and dbSNP records for benign/pathogenic calls and amino-acid positions (ClinVar example 1, ClinVar example 2, dbSNP example).

Western blot (WB)

1. Sample type: nuclear-enriched fractions from proliferating human lines (HeLa, HEK293, HCT116 complemented for MMR components) to increase nuclear MutL abundance.
2. Expected band: ~100–110 kDa for full-length PMS1 (depending on SDS-PAGE calibration). Derive this estimate from curated mass (UniProt) and verify against negative controls (CRISPR PMS1-/-) and siRNA knockdowns. (UniProt P54277 length/mass).

Immunoprecipitation (IP) / Co-IP

1. Pull-down PMS1 and probe MLH1 (or vice-versa) to verify complex formation. Mechanistic papers on MutL complexes guide buffer stringency and ATP dependence (open-access mechanistic MutL studies; IDR regulation in Mlh1–Pms1).

Immunofluorescence (IF) / Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

1. Nuclear puncta may be cell-cycle dependent. Consider co-staining with PCNA to capture replication-coupled repair contexts discussed in MutL literature (Furman et al., 2021).

Chromatin-adjacent assays

1. PMS family proteins possess long flexible regions; extraction conditions can easily strip weakly bound complexes. Mechanistic yeast-to-mammal insights on intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of MutL proteins motivate mild crosslinking in some applications (Plys et al., 2012; Furman et al., 2021).

Define the target unambiguously

Link your reagent to the RefSeq/UniProt entries and transcript models you intend to detect: NCBI Gene PMS1, UniProt P54277, UCSC hg38 PMS1.

Orthogonal evidence

1. Genetic: CRISPR/Cas9 PMS1 knockout or siRNA → disappearance of the ~100–110 kDa band and loss of immunofluorescent signal.
2. Reciprocal IP: PMS1 IP detects MLH1; MLH1 IP detects PMS1 (buffer controls included).
3. Tissue expression sanity check: Compare signals against expression landscapes (e.g., GTEx-derived tracks in UCSC; PMS1 shows notable expression in testis) (UCSC GTEx display).

Peptide competition (for polyclonals)

Pre-incubate antibody with the immunogen peptide; specific signals should diminish markedly, while non-specific bands persist.

Cross-reactivity screens

1. Probe PMS2-null vs PMS1-null lines to ensure your antibody does not collapse onto PMS2. Mechanistic distinctions and sizes for PMS2 provide the rationale (NCBI Gene PMS2; Abildgaard et al., 2019).

Variant-aware epitope mapping

Check ClinVar for common/clinically relevant PMS1 variants within your immunogen region to avoid genotype-dependent dropout (ClinVar record A; ClinVar record B).

Western blot

1. Lysis: RIPA + 0.3–0.5 M NaCl (nuclear-leaning) + protease/phosphatase inhibitors.
2. Load: 20–40 µg whole-cell lysate, 4–12% Bis-Tris gel; transfer to PVDF.
3. Primary: PMS1 polyclonal, start 1:500 to 1:2000; titrate.
4. Secondary: HRP anti-rabbit (if rabbit pAb).
5. Controls: PMS1-/- lysate, peptide block, and MLH1 co-blot. Mechanistic grounding for complex formation from open-access MutL literature (Miller 2020).

IF/ICC

1. Fix: 4% PFA, 10 min; permeabilize 0.1–0.2% Triton X-100.
2. Block: 5% BSA; primary overnight at 4 °C.
3. Co-markers: MLH1, PCNA; interpret in cell-cycle context per MMR coupling (Furman 2021).

IP/Co-IP

1. Buffer: mild non-denaturing (e.g., 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP).
2. Beads: Protein A/G; wash stringency gradient; elute at 60–70 °C in Laemmli.
3. Readout: reciprocal MLH1/PMS1 detection as above.

Loss of PMS1 band in knockout/knockdown confirms specificity; unchanged PMS2 bands indicate minimal cross-reactivity.

Stress/Damage contexts: IDR-rich MutL complexes show regulation by ATP/PCNA and can be affected by extraction; consult mechanistic literature when benchmarking extraction conditions (Plys 2012; Furman 2021).

Disease connection: Unlike MLH1/PMS2, pathogenic PMS1 variants are less common in Lynch syndrome cohorts; up-to-date penetrance tables and differential risks by gene are maintained in GeneReviews (Risk table).

Coordinates/transcripts: UCSC hg38 PMS1 Gene (GENCODE V48 model) use these coordinates for guide/siRNA design and for reporting epitope positions (UCSC gene page).

Variant IDs: Include representative ClinVar accessions touching your epitope to show due diligence (e.g., RCV001818091, RCV003957716).

dbSNP link-outs: If reporting common polymorphisms near the immunogen, link the rsID (e.g., rs530574275).

Q1. What’s the difference between PMS1 and PMS2 for antibody work?

PMS2 (MutLα with MLH1) carries the better-established endonuclease for canonical MMR, while PMS1 (MutLβ with MLH1) has roles that are context-specific and emerging from mechanistic studies; target choice depends on your hypothesis (NCBI Gene PMS2; Miller 2020).

Q2. What molecular weight should I expect?

~100–110 kDa for full-length human PMS1; verify against curated length/mass and knockout controls (UniProt P54277).

Q3. Are there contexts where PMS1 signal changes?

Expression data (GTEx via UCSC) show tissue variation; mechanistic work indicates regulation via IDRs and PCNA/ATP coupling, which can influence extraction and detectability (UCSC GTEx track; Furman 2021).

Q4. How do I report clinical variant-aware validation?

Cite GeneReviews for gene-specific Lynch risk context and list any ClinVar variants overlapping your immunogen to demonstrate awareness of benign/pathogenic substitutions (GeneReviews overview; ClinVar example).

Q5. Any yeast literature that informs human PMS1 epitope selection?

Yes! structural/biochemical data on Mlh1–Pms1 from S. cerevisiae clarify domain organization and IDR roles, useful for mapping structured vs. disordered regions (Hall 2003; Plys 2012).