Genetic engineering is one of the most groundbreaking advancements in modern science. By altering the DNA of organisms, we can introduce new traits, enhance natural abilities, and even create entirely new species. This blog will explore the basics of genetic engineering and how it’s shaping the future of medicine, agriculture, and beyond.

Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.

Genetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic structure of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA, or modifying existing genetic material in situ. Unlike traditional animal and plant breeding, which involves doing multiple crosses and then selecting for the organism with the desired phenotype, genetic engineering takes the gene directly from one organism and delivers it to the other. This is much faster, can be used to insert any genes from any organism (even ones from different domains) and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added.

Genetic engineering involves using molecular biology techniques to modify DNA sequences in genomes. Traditional methods, such as homologous recombination, have limitations, including inefficiency and reliance on drug selection in cell culture. Other approaches, like random DNA integration, transposon-mediated insertion, and viral vector use, are more efficient but come with drawbacks. The most advanced and effective method is CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which allows precise gene editing through guided endonucleases. This method has largely replaced older technologies like zinc finger nucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 may focus on enhancing homology-directed repair efficiency. Key elements of genetic engineering include the need for chromosome breaks, sensitive genotyping to detect genome alterations, and various delivery methods to facilitate gene modifications. While some principles of genetic engineering remain consistent, ongoing technological advancements are continuously reshaping research in this field.